The COBOL MERGE statement combines two or more identically sequenced files on a set of specified keys. As part of the merge operation, it makes records available in their merged order to an output procedure or an output file. The records are made available following the actual merging of the files. The output procedure or […]
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COBOL SORT files are common functionalities of COBOL applications. Sorting is required for sequential processing as the files need to be sorted in ascending/descending order. The COBOL SORT statement creates a sort file by executing input procedures or by transferring records from another file, sorts the records in the sort file on a set of
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The VSAM EXPORT-IMPORT commands are usually used to take the backup and recovery. The EXPORT option is used to export the dataset or alternate index or catalog. EXPORT-IMPORT can be used with the VSAM dataset (KSDS, ESDS, RRDS, and LDS), Alternate indexes, and the dataset created by EXPORT can have only a sequential organization. EXPORT
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VSAM cluster should be deleted using IDCAMS utility. VSAM DELETE command can be used to delete the VSAM or non-VSAM objects such as CLUSTER, GDG, Alternate Index, Alias, CATALOG, PS file, SPACE, USERCATALOG, etc. DELETE command removes the entry of the VSAM cluster from the catalog and optionally removes the file & freeing up the space.
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The VSAM VERIFY command is used to verify, and if necessary, update, the end of file information in the VSAM catalog in order to make the catalog information consistent with the data file. The command adds correct End-Of-Data records to the file. This command cannot be used for an empty VSAM file where the high-used
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VSAM PRINT command is used to print the contents of VSAM or non-VSAM datasets. Contents can be printed in various formats such as CHAR, HEX, or DUMP. We can specify our choice of format while specifying the parameters of the PRINT command. Up to 120 characters/digits are printed per line. If the record length is
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VSAM REPRO command is used to copy data from one file(Input file) to another file(Output file). Input & Output files can be VSAM datasets (like KSDS, ESDS, RRDS, etc.) or a non-VSAM dataset (like PS file or a member of PDS). A few critical functionalities of REPRO are It is used to copy data from
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VSAM Alternate index is the additional index that is created for KSDS/ESDS datasets (but not RRDS or extended ESDS) in addition to their primary index. A VSAM alternate index allows logical records of a KSDS or of an ESDS base cluster to be accessed sequentially and randomly by more than one key field. The key
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VSAM DEFINE CLUSTER is used to define attributes for the cluster as a whole or for the components like data and index of the cluster. In other words, the parameters can be specified on the Cluster or Data Component, or Index Component. Usually, a sequence of commands commonly used in a single job step includes
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SQL Subqueries with IN or NOT IN check is similar to the ANY and SOME checks. Use the IN clause for multiple-record, single-column subqueries. After the subquery returns results introduced by IN or NOT IN, the outer query uses them to return the final result. If any row in the sub-query result matches, the answer is true. If the sub-query
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SQL Subqueries are also called inner queries or inner select or a nested queries. The statement containing the subquery is also called an outer query or outer select. It is a query within another SQL query and embedded within the WHERE or HAVING clause. A subquery is used to return data that will be used
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Comparison operators (=, >, < , etc.) are used only on subqueries that return one row. SQL Subqueries with ANY and ALL operators, you can make comparisons on subqueries that return multiple rows. ANY and ALL evaluate whether any or all of the values returned by a subquery match the left-hand expression. It is similar to SOME and IN operators & must follow
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The JOIN operation allows you to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column. OUTER JOIN includes the FULL, RIGHT, and LEFT OUTER JOINS. When two tables are joined there can be NULL values from either table. For INNER JOINs, records with nulls won’t match, and they will be discarded and won’t
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There are four basic types of JOINS – Inner, Outer (left, right, full), Self and Cross join. An inner join combines records from two tables based on a join predicate and requires that each record in the first table has a matching record in the second table. Thus, it returns only records from both joined
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CAST expression is used to convert one data type to another. It is similar to the various field-type functions (e.g. CHAR, SMALLINT) except that it can also handle null values and host-variable parameter markers. CAST syntax: CAST( <Expression> AS Type [ (Length) ] ) <NULL> <Parameter Maker> CAST Rules: EXPRESSION: Value
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Let’s say your input file has data that is delimited by PIPE or COMMA e.g. you have uploaded a CSV file to a mainframe or you extract database variable fields to a CSV or PIPE separated file. To open this file in a copybook or use it in the program it needs to be reformatted
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CHANGE in OUTREC statement can be used to look up and change the content in the file while sorting. Build parameter is used to reformat records. Build give complete control over output file format. BUILD parameter can be used on INREC and OUTREC statements in SORT card. BUILD parameter is an alias of the FIELDS
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We will generate XML statement from input records having fixed positions using SORT. We will use REMOVECC, HEADER1, BUILD, JFY, SHIFT, LEFT, LEAD, TRAIL, LENGTH, SQZ & TRAILER1 parameters. REMOVECC: The REMOVECC parameter generates reports that do not include ANSI carriage control characters that specify printer actions (for example, skipping a line or ejecting a
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Record Selection for Output File can be done using STARTREC, ENDREC, INCLUDE/OMIT, SAVE Parameters. Use SAVE to include records for OUTFIL processing that have not been included in any other OUTFIL group. If SAVE is specified on more than one OUTFIL group, then each of these OUTFIL groups gets the records that were discarded from
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The JOINKEYS File Match utility help in comparing two files. JOINKEYS File Match operation is controlled by JOINKEYS, JOIN, and REFORMAT control statements. The SORTJNF1 and SORTJNF2, are the DD statements used to specify the files which will be used to perform the join operations. During JOIN operation on two files, each record from the
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The OUTFIL control statement describes the output file(s) and the processing to be done on the output records. OUTFIL processing is supported for sort, merge, and copy applications. Use the OUTFIL control statement to create multiple output files without making multiple passes through the input data. OUTFIL control statement Examples Example 1 The following example
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Conditional expressions identify conditions that are tested to enable the object program to select between alternate paths of control depending upon the truth value of the condition. Conditional expressions may be used in the EVALUATE, IF, PERFORM, and SEARCH statements. Conditional expressions have a value of “TRUE” or “FALSE”. Conditional expressions can either be simple
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EVALUATE statement is used for conditional processing which helps in eliminating a series of nested IF statements to test several conditions. The EVALUATE statement is very similar to the CASE construct common in many other programming languages. If none of the EVALUATE satisfies, by default the statements coded under WHEN OTHER will be executed and
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You can use the DB2 EXPLAIN statement to determine the access paths for the SELECT parts of your statements. DB2 EXPLAIN helps you answer questions about Query Performance & Query Optimization; the answers give you the information that you need to make performance improvements. EXPLAIN indicates whether Db2 used an index to access data, whether
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The MERGE control statement must be used when a merge operation is to be performed; this statement describes the control fields in the input records on which the input data sets have previously been sorted. Use the MERGE control statement: To perform a merge application, where it describes the control fields for the previously sorted
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